The Graveyard of /p/

What is /p/?

/p/ as IPA notation of the voiceless bilabial plosive consonant, is one of, if not the most common phoneme in all human languages [citation needed]. However, this phoneme is missing in around 10% of languages, and many languages have the sound disappeared once or systematically lost in specific environments [citation needed].

This site is a project that attempts to record all disappeared or transformed poor /p/ s.

The Graveyard

Japanese

~7c [citation needed]; Middle Japanese lost common /p/ almost completely.

OJ /p/

Status: Marginally Alive

• OJ: pMJ: ɸ V_V
  • MJ~EmJ: ɸmJ: ɸ #_u
  • MJ~EmJ: ɸmJ: h #_{a,o}
  • MJ~EmJ: ɸmJ: ç #_i
• OJ: pMJ: w V_V
• OJ: pmJ: p {N,R}_V
• Borrowed
  • MC: p-MJ: ɸ
  • MC: -pMJ: ɸu
• Onomatopeic
  • e.g. /pikapika/ < /pikari/ > /hikari/

EmJ /p/

Status: Alive

• Borrowed: /p/

References